张优美的回答：埃菲尔铁塔除了冬季比夏季矮170毫米以外，还会出现略有倾斜的现象。夏季上午铁塔向西偏斜100毫米，中午铁塔向北偏斜70毫米，夜间与地面垂直。 这个现象主要是由于热胀冷缩的原因。埃菲尔铁塔不同部位的金属受到光，热的影响就会发生所谓的多变。 比如，早上太阳从东边照射埃菲尔铁塔东边的塔体，东边的金属受热膨胀，东边的塔体边长了，那当然向西边偏了。中午，下午的倾斜原因也是因为太阳从不同方向照射的缘故，至于晚上，那就没有太阳，任何一边的金属都不受热，此时与地面垂直。 冬天和夏天的变化也是塔整体热胀冷缩导致的结果。 清香幽兰的回答：埃菲尔铁塔的设计者是法国建筑师居斯塔夫·埃菲尔。早年他以旱桥专家而闻名。他一生中杰作累累，遍布世界，但使他名扬四海的还是这座以他名字命名的铁塔。用他自己的话说：埃菲尔铁塔“把我淹没了，好像我一生只是建造了她”。当初，法国政府虽然决定在巴黎建造一座世界最高的大铁塔，但提供的资金只是所需费用的1/5。埃菲尔为实现他的设计，曾将他的建筑工程公司和全部财产抵押给银行作为工程投资。 一个1000英尺高的建筑将会拉低巴黎的天空，并且压制城市的其他地标，例如圣母院（notre dame）、卢浮宫（louvre）和凯旋门（arc de triomphe）……当铁塔开始破土动工的时候，超过300位知名的巴黎市民联署一份请愿书，要求停止这一工程。他们声称埃菲尔的“大烛台”会损害巴黎的名誉和形象。不过埃菲尔和市政府并没有理会这一抗议，建造工作丝毫未受影响的继续进行。 1887年1月28日，埃菲尔铁塔正式开工。250名工人冬季每天工作8小时，夏季每天工作13小时，终于，1889年3月31日这座钢铁结构的高塔大功告成。埃菲尔铁塔的金属制件有1.8万多个，重达7000吨，施工时共钻孔700万个，使用铆钉250万个。由于铁塔上的每个部件事先都严格编号，所以装配时没出一点差错。施工完全依照设计进行，中途没有进行任何改动，可见设计之合理、计算之精确。据统计，仅铁塔的设计草图就有5300多张，其中包括1700张全图。 如同巴黎所有的创新建筑一样，埃菲尔铁塔一开始即遭到了大部分巴黎人的冷淡和拒绝，再不用说那些建筑和城市规划专家尖刻的批评了。虽然铁塔的设计者埃菲尔宣称“法兰西将是全世界唯一将国旗悬挂在三百米高空中的国家”，但一时也无法说服各阶层反铁塔人士。 英文：eiffel tower 法文：la tour eiffel英文简介▇ the assembly of the supports began on july 1, 1887 and was completed twenty-two months later. all the elements were prepared in eiffel’s factory located at levallois-perret on the outskirts of paris. each of the 18,000 pieces used to construct the tower were specifically designed and calculated, traced out to an accuracy of a tenth of a millimetre and then put together forming new pieces around five metres each. a team of constructors, who had worked on the great metal viaduct projects, were responsible for the 150 to 300 workers on site assembling this gigantic erector set. all the metal pieces of the tower are held together by rivets, a well-refined method of construction at the time the tower was constructed. the rivet workers first the pieces were assembled in the factory using bolts, later to be replaced one by one with thermally assembled rivets, which contracted during cooling thus ensuring a very tight fit. a team of four men was needed for each rivet assembled: one to heat it up, another to hold it in place, a third to shape the head and a fourth to beat it with a sledgehammer. only a third of the 2,500,000 rivets used in the construction of the tower were inserted directly on site. each corner edge rests on its own supporting block, applying to it a pressure of 3 to 4 kilograms per square centimetre, and each block is joined to the others by walls. on the seine side of the construction, the builders used watertight metal caissons and injected compressed air, so that they were able to work below the level of the water. the assembly of the first level was achieved by the use of twelve temporary wooden scaffolds, 30 metres high, and four larger scaffolds of 40 metres each. "sand boxes" and hydraulic jacks - replaced after use by permanent wedges - allowed the metal girders to be positioned to an accuracy of one millimetre. on december 7, 1887, the joining of the major girders up to the first level was completed. the pieces were hauled up by steam cranes, which themselves climbed up the tower as they went along using the runners to be used for the tower's lifts. installing public elevators on the tower raised many technical questions, since there had been no previous experience in elevators climbing to such heights and with such loads; the slanting tracks with various angles further complicated the problems. the original machines in the west and east piers (up to the first floor only) were provided by the french company roux combaluzier lepape, using hydraulically powered double looped chains and rollers in side guides. their poor performance led to their removal. they were replaced in 1897 and 1899 by the fives-lille machinery, relying on hydraulic accumulators, 16-meter long main pistons, cable loops and manual controls. they were a success, steadfastly lifting the tourists up to the second floor until the late eighties. they were then upgraded to conform to the present day regulations: the old machinery still provides the counterweight power for the dead weights, while the variable parts of the loads were driven by modern high pressure oil pumps and motors controlled by computers. the original american elevators by otis in the north and south piers took visitors up to the second floor in a double-decker cabin, using hydraulically powered cables. they were no match for the fives-lille units and were scrapped respectively in 1900 from the south pillar and shortly after 1912 from the north pillar, after a failed attempt to re-power it with an electric motor. the increasing amount of visitors during the late fifties led to the installation of large capacity machinery in the north pier in 1965. manufactured by schneider creusot loire and using the best engineering and electrical machineries available, it was upgraded in 1995 with new cabins and computer controls. the south pier was rigged anew in 1983 with a small electrically driven elevator by otis to take customers up to the jules verne restaurant. in 1989, a four-ton service elevator was added (also by otis) helping to relieve the main elevators of excessive trips up and down 纵饮孤独的回答：埃菲尔铁塔的设计者是法国建筑师居斯塔夫·埃菲尔。早年他以旱桥专家而闻名。他一生中杰作累累，遍布世界，但使他名扬四海的还是这座以他名字命名的铁塔。用他自己的话说：埃菲尔铁塔“把我淹没了，好像我一生只是建造了她”。当初，法国政府虽然决定在巴黎建造一座世界最高的大铁塔，但提供的资金只是所需费用的1/5。埃菲尔为实现他的设计，曾将他的建筑工程公司和全部财产抵押给银行作为工程投资。 一个1000英尺高的建筑将会拉低巴黎的天空，并且压制城市的其他地标，例如圣母院（notre dame）、卢浮宫（louvre）和凯旋门（arc de triomphe）……当铁塔开始破土动工的时候，超过300位知名的巴黎市民联署一份请愿书，要求停止这一工程。他们声称埃菲尔的“大烛台”会损害巴黎的名誉和形象。不过埃菲尔和市政府并没有理会这一抗议，建造工作丝毫未受影响的继续进行。 1887年1月28日，埃菲尔铁塔正式开工。250名工人冬季每天工作8小时，夏季每天工作13小时，终于，1889年3月31日这座钢铁结构的高塔大功告成。埃菲尔铁塔的金属制件有1.8万多个，重达7000吨，施工时共钻孔700万个，使用铆钉250万个。由于铁塔上的每个部件事先都严格编号，所以装配时没出一点差错。施工完全依照设计进行，中途没有进行任何改动，可见设计之合理、计算之精确。据统计，仅铁塔的设计草图就有5300多张，其中包括1700张全图。 如同巴黎所有的创新建筑一样，埃菲尔铁塔一开始即遭到了大部分巴黎人的冷淡和拒绝，再不用说那些建筑和城市规划专家尖刻的批评了。虽然铁塔的设计者埃菲尔宣称“法兰西将是全世界唯一将国旗悬挂在三百米高空中的国家”，但一时也无法说服各阶层反铁塔人士。 英文：eiffel tower 法文：la tour eiffel英文简介▇ the assembly of the supports began on july 1, 1887 and was completed twenty-two months later. all the elements were prepared in eiffel’s factory located at levallois-perret on the outskirts of paris. each of the 18,000 pieces used to construct the tower were specifically designed and calculated, traced out to an accuracy of a tenth of a millimetre and then put together forming new pieces around five metres each. a team of constructors, who had worked on the great metal viaduct projects, were responsible for the 150 to 300 workers on site assembling this gigantic erector set. all the metal pieces of the tower are held together by rivets, a well-refined method of construction at the time the tower was constructed. the rivet workers first the pieces were assembled in the factory using bolts, later to be replaced one by one with thermally assembled rivets, which contracted during cooling thus ensuring a very tight fit. a team of four men was needed for each rivet assembled: one to heat it up, another to hold it in place, a third to shape the head and a fourth to beat it with a sledgehammer. only a third of the 2,500,000 rivets used in the construction of the tower were inserted directly on site. each corner edge rests on its own supporting block, applying to it a pressure of 3 to 4 kilograms per square centimetre, and each block is joined to the others by walls. on the seine side of the construction, the builders used watertight metal caissons and injected compressed air, so that they were able to work below the level of the water. the assembly of the first level was achieved by the use of twelve temporary wooden scaffolds, 30 metres high, and four larger scaffolds of 40 metres each. "sand boxes" and hydraulic jacks - replaced after use by permanent wedges - allowed the metal girders to be positioned to an accuracy of one millimetre. on december 7, 1887, the joining of the major girders up to the first level was completed. the pieces were hauled up by steam cranes, which themselves climbed up the tower as they went along using the runners to be used for the tower's lifts. installing public elevators on the tower raised many technical questions, since there had been no previous experience in elevators climbing to such heights and with such loads; the slanting tracks with various angles further complicated the problems. the original machines in the west and east piers (up to the first floor only) were provided by the french company roux combaluzier lepape, using hydraulically powered double looped chains and rollers in side guides. their poor performance led to their removal. they were replaced in 1897 and 1899 by the fives-lille machinery, relying on hydraulic accumulators, 16-meter long main pistons, cable loops and manual controls. they were a success, steadfastly lifting the tourists up to the second floor until the late eighties. they were then upgraded to conform to the present day regulations: the old machinery still provides the counterweight power for the dead weights, while the variable parts of the loads were driven by modern high pressure oil pumps and motors controlled by computers. the original american elevators by otis in the north and south piers took visitors up to the second floor in a double-decker cabin, using hydraulically powered cables. they were no match for the fives-lille units and were scrapped respectively in 1900 from the south pillar and shortly after 1912 from the north pillar, after a failed attempt to re-power it with an electric motor. the increasing amount of visitors during the late fifties led to the installation of large capacity machinery in the north pier in 1965. manufactured by schneider creusot loire and using the best engineering and electrical machineries available, it was upgraded in 1995 with new cabins and computer controls. the south pier was rigged anew in 1983 with a small electrically driven elevator by otis to take customers up to the jules verne restaurant. in 1989, a four-ton service elevator was added (also by otis) helping to relieve the main elevators of excessive trips up and down |
